An Overview of Cybersecurity: Key Issues and Emerging Solutions

Abstract

In an age where digital interconnectivity permeates every aspect of daily life, cyber threats have grown more advanced, and as a result, they pose very dangerous threats to individuals, enterprises, and governments all the same. This review offers a systematic synthesis of cyber threats, new attack surfaces, and new defense techniques, with emphasis on the convergence of artificial intelligence (AI) and domain-specific issues within cloud, IoT, and mobile networks. Upcoming new technologies like quantum and 5G further present risks that require further new developments in cryptography and solutions in network security. In addition to providing an overview of current work, this paper makes an original contribution by presenting a comparison of prominent methods and studies, divided by defense strategy, domain, and performance measures. The approach for the study focuses more on the requirement of technical innovation to be blended with frameworks that are ethical and regulatory in nature, addressing complex and dynamic threats in the nature of cybersecurity. Recommendations for further research in the future include quantum-resistant algorithms, improved AI models that can be used for more effective cybersecurity, and creation of ethical standards in the digital defense of the resources of the nation to do it more robustly and responsibly.